What are mutual funds loads?

Copyright 2006 Michael Saville

Loads are the most talked about fees that mutual funds charge. A "load" on a mutual fund is just another way of saying that the fund charges a sales commission for purchase, sale, or both. There are funds that charge loads and there are funds that do not charge loads (known as "load funds" and "no load funds" respectively).

Front-end loads are sales commissions that are paid up front at the time of your purchase. So, if you give a fund a $10,000 investment and it charges a front-end load of 5%, then the fund will take 5% of your investment (that's $500) and pocket it right away. Only what is left over after the load has been deducted will be invested into the fund (in this example, only $9,500 is invested in the fund from your initial $10,000 investment)

Back-end loads charge their sales commissions when you sell (or "redeem") your shares. So, when you go to redeem your shares in a fund with a back-end load you will end up receiving whatever money the shares are worth minus the sales commission.

A "load" on a mutual fund is just another way of saying that the fund charges a sales commission for purchase, sale, or both

Mutual funds charge management fees in order to pay for the management services used to run the fund. In other words, these fees are used to pay the salaries of the fund's managers and analysts. Management fees usually do not amount to more than one percent of the fund's assets, and they are significantly lower for passively-managed funds, such as index funds, than for actively-managed ones. You should remember that a high management fee in no way guarantees a more skilful management team.

Front loads can be reduced if you are investing or planning to invest a certain amount of money. The load reduction schedules are called "break-points." For example, with most fund companies if you are investing over $100,000 or plan to within the next 13 months, you will get a 1% reduction on the front load. The more you invest, the greater the reduction in the load. For some fund companies the break-point reduction begins at $50,000 over 13 months, and with many funds, if you invest over $2 million there is no front load.

If you do not have $50,000 or $100,000 to invest over the next 13 months, you can still earn a reduction on the front load, through "rights of accumulation." Under accumulation rules you will receive fee reductions on the front load when your total investments with one fund family have grown past the break points. Therefore, if you only have $20,000 to invest today, that's OK, someday soon it will grow past the $50,000 or $100,000 initial break-point and you will be eligible for the load discount on your further investments.

The turnover ratio for a mutual fund can provide you with useful information about how expensive a fund is and how it is managed. Turnover ratios measure the amount of trading activity in the fund's portfolio. They are calculated by taking all of the fund's sales for a specified period of time (usually one year) and dividing by the fund's total assets. This number tells you how much the fund's portfolio has changed.

You probably will want to exercise caution when investing in a fund with a high turnover ratio. High turnover means that the fund's manager is buying and selling very often, and, since every sale and every purchase involves a commission, this means that funds with high turnover ratios often have high expenses. Some experts recommend focusing on funds whose turnover ratio is less than 50%.

Michael Saville has over twenty five years experience in providing finance and investment advice. He has written a free five-part short course on 'no load mutual funds' which is available at http://www.buy-mutual-funds.com

Mutual Funds - An Introduction and Brief History 

Each one of us does not have the expertise or the time to build and manage an investment portfolio. There is an excellent alternative available - mutual funds.

A mutual fund is an investment intermediary by which people can pool their money and invest it according to a predetermined objective.

Each investor of the mutual fund gets a share of the pool proportionate to the initial investment that he makes. The capital of the mutual fund is divided into shares or units and investors get a number of units proportionate to their investment.

The investment objective of the mutual fund is always decided beforehand. Mutual funds invest in bonds, stocks, money-market instruments, real estate, commodities or other investments or many times a combination of any of these.

The details regarding the funds' policies, objectives, charges, services etc are all available in the fund's prospectus and every investor should go through the prospectus before investing in a mutual fund.

The investment decisions for the pool capital are made by a fund manager (or managers). The fund manager decides what securities are to be bought and in what quantity.

The value of units changes with change in aggregate value of the investments made by the mutual fund.

The value of each share or unit of the mutual fund is called NAV (Net Asset Value).

Different funds have different risk - reward profile. A mutual fund that invests in stocks is a greater risk investment than a mutual fund that invests in government bonds. The value of stocks can go down resulting in a loss for the investor, but money invested in bonds is safe (unless the Government defaults - which is rare.) At the same time the greater risk in stocks also presents an opportunity for higher returns. Stocks can go up to any limit, but returns from government bonds are limited to the interest rate offered by the government.

History of Mutual Funds:

The first "pooling of money" for investments was done in 1774. After the 1772-1773 financial crisis, a Dutch merchant Adriaan van Ketwich invited investors to come together to form an investment trust. The goal of the trust was to lower risks involved in investing by providing diversification to the small investors. The funds invested in various European countries such as Austria, Denmark and Spain. The investments were mainly in bonds and equity formed a small portion. The trust was names Eendragt Maakt Magt, which meant "Unity Creates Strength".

The fund had many features that attracted investors:

- It had an embedded lottery. - There was an assured 4% dividend, which was slightly less than the average rates prevalent at that time. Thus the interest income exceeded the required payouts and the difference was converted to a cash reserve. - The cash reserve was utilized to retire a few shares annually at 10% premium and hence the remaining shares earned a higher interest. Thus the cash reserve kept increasing over time - further accelerating share redemption. - The trust was to be dissolved at the end of 25 years and the capital was to be divided among the remaining investors.

However a war with England led to many bonds defaulting. Due to the decrease in investment income, share redemption was suspended in 1782 and later the interest payments were lowered too. The fund was no longer attractive for investors and faded away.

After evolving in Europe for a few years, the idea of mutual funds reached the US at the end if nineteenth century. In the year 1893, the first closed-end fund was formed. It was named the "The Boston Personal Property Trust."

The Alexander Fund in Philadelphia was the first step towards open-end funds. It was established in 1907 and had new issues every six months. Investors were allowed to make redemptions.

The first true open-end fund was the Massachusetts Investors' Trust of Boston. Formed in the year 1924, it went public in 1928. 1928 also saw the emergence of first balanced fund - The Wellington Fund that invested in both stocks and bonds.

The concept of Index based funds was given by William Fouse and John McQuown of the Wells Fargo Bank in 1971. Based on their concept, John Bogle launched the first retail Index Fund in 1976. It was called the First Index Investment Trust. It is now known as the Vanguard 500 Index Fund. It crossed 100 billion dollars in assets in November 2000 and became the World's largest fund.

Today mutual funds have come a long way. Nearly one in two households in the US invests in mutual funds. The popularity of mutual funds is also soaring in developing economies like India. They have become the preferred investment route for many investors, who value the unique combination of diversification, low costs and simplicity provided by the funds.

Know more about mutual funds at http://www.completeonlinetrading.com

Mutual Funds Better Than Indvidual Stocks ? 

Though it cannot be said in general that mutual funds are always better than individual stocks, it still cannot be denied that they usually involve lower risks, less money and generally yield lower but safe returns.

It all depends on the risk attitude of the investor. This is understood clearly by looking at the disclaimer attached with any mutual fund options that are nearly identical with that applicable to any other (kind of) stock. They have their advantages and loopholes like any other form of investment. And as in other forms of investment, one has to be fully aware of potential pitfalls and while driving high with mutual funds, has to be alert enough to avoid them.

Mutual funds are seemingly the easiest and least stressful way to invest in the stock market. Quite a large amount of new money has been put into mutual funds during the past few years.

Briefly put, a mutual fund is a pool of money contributed to by individual investors, companies, and other organizations. There will be a fund manager hired to invest this cash with a primary goal that depends upon the type of fund. The manger usually diversifies in a manner such that the net average earning is expected to be considerably positive. S/he may be a fixed-income fund manager. In that case s/he would work hard to provide the highest return at the lowest risk. On the other hand a long-term growth manager should try at least to beat the Dow Jones Industrial Average or the S&P 500 in a given fiscal year.

But that is what any successful investor attempts to do, and anyone with a similar approach can be expected to make the same earnings.

It all depends really on the overall investment climate and the sectors in which funds are flowing in. Diversification is definitely a good approach when it comes to successful investing by a reasonable investor. But with mutual funds, there is that the controllers may over-diversify.

Diversification minimizes the inherent risks of stock trading by spreading out the capital over many stocks. But over-diversification is again a bad thing.

First, an investor gets into many funds that have significant mutual implications, thereby losing out on the full benefits of risk stretching that diversification affords.

Secondly, over-diversification may decrease your overall return. By hitting too many poor through mediocre funds, the investor reduces the return by missing the potential of a few well-managed funds.

It is true that mutual funds play it safe. This is because mutual funds are actively organized by a professional money manager who keeps constant checks on the stocks and bonds in the fund's portfolio. As this is her/his primary occupation, s/he can devote much more time to choosing investments than an individual investor. This provides the investor with the peace of mind that comes with informed investing without the stress of analyzing financial statements or calculating financial ratios.

But on the negative side, a mutual fund, unless open-ended, must remain confined within a fixed portfolio. Even with open ended mutual funds, the range of potential is often low as compared to what is available to an investor free to choose any stock s/he likes.

Besides, mutual funds some times come as load funds in which the investor has to pay the sales commission on top of the net asset value of the fund's shares. Also, the dollar-cost averaging strategy is just the same with mutual funds as to any common stock.

Of course, fixing such a plan can substantially reduce your long-term market risk and result in a higher net worth over a period of ten years or more.

Hence considering the stress, agony and risk that any stock may involve, mutual funds look a shade better than independent trading, if low but steady is ok for you.

Article Written By J. Foley http://travelguy.typepad.com/investments

Going global through mutual funds 

There are more than 13500 different publicly traded companies in the world today, and there are over 700 more companies expected to go public within a year. In addition, every major developed country offers investors various bonds to invest in. All of this makes for a lot of different investments and plenty of choice. Investors can take advantage of this choice through a good global balanced fund that invests in bonds and stocks or a global equity fund that invests in stocks all around the world.

A global equity fund invests in stock markets around the world. These funds will have a portion of their investments invested in North America. Europe, and Asia. Some of these funds will own hundreds of securities in order to participate in the growth prospects of many firms while diversifying the risk associated with investing in different companies. A good global equity fund will be a foundation for a well-diversified mutual fund portfolio for almost any investor. Investors could consider including the AGF International Value Fund, the BPI Global Equity Fund, or the Fidelity International Portfolio Fund in their portfolios.

A global balanced fund is a fund that invests in both stock and bond markets around the world. These funds will also always have a portion of their investments invested in stock and bond markets located in North America, Europe, and Asia. They are more conservative than global equity funds because they invest in a combination of stocks and bonds, which affect the fund's performance. Over the long term these funds will provide a lower rate of return for investors but they will also exhibit a lot less risk than a global equity fund. They exhibit less risk because bonds are less volatile than stocks; they do not decline in value to the same magnitude or at the same time as global equity funds. A conservative investor should find a good global balanced fund that will serve as a good foundation for a diversified portfolio.

Tony Reed is the author of " Going global through mutual funds", please visit his website Mutual Funds & Stock Trading for more information.

 

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